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IgE Food Allergies in Children: A guide for parents to understand food allergies

Written by Kate Annat APD.

One of the most common questions I get asked as a paediatric dietitian is - Does my child have a food allergy? Whilst I don’t conduct the skin prick test to determine the diagnosis (this is done via a referral from your Paediatrician), I can provide advice based on your child’s symptoms. Once diagnosed, we will work together to create a nutritionally adequate diet you can follow at home, bringing relief to your little one as quickly as possible while getting to the root of the issue for long term success. 

 

But first let’s bring some clarity to the phrase - ‘food allergy’.

What terms are used to describe a reaction to food?

Terms like allergy, hypersensitivity, pseudo-allergy and intolerance are often used interchangeably, leading to misunderstandings. What all these terms have in common is they describe an adverse reaction to food a child can experience. Essentially, an abnormal response that happens when a certain food is eaten. Yes unfortunately many children do suffer from the medical diagnosis of a food allergy, but most reactions reported by parents are actually food intolerances or non-IgE allergies.

 

IgE reactions include hives, lip or eye swelling, anaphylaxis or immediate vomiting. These reactions mean you will need a skin prick test from an allergy paediatrician. Through this procedure we are better able to identify if your child has an IgE allergy, allowing us to determine the best course of action to resolve the issue.   

 

Non-IgE allergy or intolerance is another type of allergy where reactions range from delayed vomiting and diarrhoea, reflux, eczema, congestion, loose stools, mucousy stools or blood in the stools. These symptoms indicate non-IgE which can be diagnosed with a paediatric dietitian. There is also no blood test or skin prick test that  can diagnose these symptoms. The only thing you can do is exclude the suspected food and reintroduce the food to see if your little one's symptoms return.

Understanding the difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy

This simple distinction is the following

  • A food intolerance or its medical term, a non-IgE allergy, is a non-immune response that might cause discomfort. 

  • A food allergy (IgE allergy) is an immune system reaction that can lead to more severe symptoms. 

 

And why does it matter that we distinguish these terms? 

It’s crucial to identify whether your child’s symptoms are caused by an IgE food allergy or a non-IgE food allergy, as the management and treatment approaches differ.

 

  • Non-IgE allergies can be completely supported with a paediatric dietitian.

  • For IgE allergies, first a Paediatrician conducts a skin prick test (SPT) to identify the allergens. Then you’ll be working with a dietitian to administer the exclusion diet process. 

 

How we manage reintroducing the allergens will depend on whether we are dealing with a non-IgE allergy or an IgE allergy. 

 

Either way, we will get to the root of the issue and find a solution for your child. 

My goal is to create a nutrition plan that works for your child and also works with your family dynamics. With a plan in place, your confidence will grow, as you see the results of a thriving, happy child, rather than one in pain and discomfort. 

 

Let’s start with breaking down the terminology to give you more confidence in understanding your child’s situation.

What is food intolerance, also known as non-IgE allergy?

Food intolerance refers to a non-immune response our body has to certain foods. The typical symptoms are reflux, eczema, congestion, vomiting, diarrhoea, loose/ mucousy stools or blood in the stool. These symptoms can take between 24 - 72 hours to present. They are fairly common to resolve once the food has been removed from the diet. It’s not a fun time for your child though, especially if it’s happening daily and it needs your attention to get it resolved. As a practising paediatric dietitian I have helped many families identify the trigger foods causing the intolerance and have plenty of tools to help you bring relief to your child. With an exclusion - reintroduction diet we identify the triggers then create the plan to help your child outgrow the allergy. 

 

If you’d like to know more, book an appointment with me and we can get to finding a solution to your child’s discomfort.

What is an IgE allergy?

The common term is food allergy. Medically it’s known as an IgE allergy. It involves our immune system reacting to specific proteins found in certain foods. Food allergies can cause a wide range of symptoms, including facial rash or hives, itching, eye and lip swelling, vomiting, diarrhoea and in some cases, severe reactions, including difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis. These signs usually occur within minutes or up to 2 hours after the food has been eaten. 

 

IgE stands for "Immunoglobulin E," which is a special type of protein in our body that helps us fight off allergies. When we have an allergy, our immune system produces IgE antibodies in response to certain things, like food or pollen. These IgE antibodies can cause reactions in our body, such as itching, swelling, or even more serious symptoms. So, when someone says "IgE," they are talking about a part of our immune system that is involved in allergic reactions. 

 

The simple way of understanding the process that occurs is:

  • Your child eats a food. 

  • The protein from the food is absorbed during digestion and enters the bloodstream. 

  • That food will cause symptoms throughout the body because of IgE. The symptoms can be one or many. 

 

For example, if your child has an IgE-mediated allergy to the protein in milk, they may experience symptoms in the skin (hives), stomach (vomiting), lungs (coughing, wheezing), and even the circulatory system (decreasing blood pressure).

 

I have helped many children through their IgE-mediated diagnosis. After your child has been diagnosed with an IgE-mediated allergy, from a skin prick test by a Paediatrician, I support you through finding a long term solution to this uncomfortable and sometimes painful situation. 

Details to help you understand IgE-mediated food allergies

Let me explain what the symptoms are by looking at triggers and the diagnostic process. 

 

1. Symptoms:

Range from mild to severe and may include hives, itching, swelling, vomiting, diarrhoea, wheezing, difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis. Usually the signs occur within minutes to two hours after eating the food. 

 

2. Food triggers: 

Common food triggers for IgE-mediated allergies include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soy and wheat.

 

3. Diagnostic process:

Allergy tests, such as skin prick tests (SPT) or RAST blood tests (radioallergosorbent test), can help diagnose IgE-mediated allergies. RAST tests indicate the suspicion of an allergy and do not diagnose. It is important to follow up with a SPT after your RAST blood test. These tests measure the presence of specific IgE antibodies in response to allergenic foods. Working with your Paediatrician and consultant paediatric allergy specialist, you will be led through this process. Once the diagnosis has been determined, I will help you create a nutrition plan that brings resolution to symptoms and comfort. 

Details to help you understand non-IgE-mediated food allergies

Let's move on to non-IgE-mediated food allergies, which involve a different immune response mechanism. These allergies can be challenging to identify but rest assured, we will figure it out together. Here's what you need to know:

1. Symptoms: 

Non-IgE-mediated allergies often cause delayed reactions, which can be puzzling as the symptoms appear hours to days after your child consumes the trigger food, typically 24 - 72 hours. The reactions do not appear immediately after the ingestion of the food and usually relate to reactions in the gastrointestinal tract such as vomiting, bloating and diarrhoea. 

2. Food triggers:

Common triggers for non-IgE-mediated allergies include cow's milk, soy, wheat or egg, but technically you can be allergic to anything. Many are the same as IgE-mediated allergies. It takes careful monitoring and observation to identify the specific culprits affecting your child's well-being.

3. Diagnostic process: 

Diagnosing non-IgE-mediated allergies typically involves an elimination diet. We will guide you in temporarily removing suspected trigger foods from your child's diet and then reintroducing them to observe any symptoms. In this case a paediatric dietitian, like myself, can diagnose food allergies. 

Non-IgE-mediated allergies can be trickier to work with, but I have the experience to help you find the solutions you need.

How does non-IgE-mediated food allergy differ from IgE-mediated food allergy?

Non-IgE-mediated food allergy is less well understood than IgE-mediated food allergy. Because the symptoms are usually delayed, it is more difficult to make the association between offending food and the symptoms. There is no skin prick test or blood test that can be used to diagnose allergy. The only thing you can do is exclude the suspected allergen and then reintroduce to see if symptoms return. It’s a difficult process that is best done with the support of a paediatric dietitian, trained in the protocol.

 

The most common causative foods for non-IgE-mediated food allergies are cow’s milk and soy proteins in infants and wheat in older children. Unlike IgE-mediated food allergy, non-IgE food allergies are very rarely life threatening because they do not result in anaphylaxis. Remember when introducing new allergens, make this your only change in your child’s diet for three full days. If they do not react then that is unlikely to be your child’s trigger.

Details to help you understand mixed IgE/non-IgE-mediated food allergies

Lastly, let's discuss mixed IgE/non-IgE-mediated food allergies, which can present a combination of immediate and delayed symptoms. It's important to approach these allergies with patience and compassion. Here's what you should know:

1. Symptoms: 

Mixed allergies can be complex, as your child may experience both immediate and delayed reactions. Immediate symptoms may include hives, swelling, or breathing difficulties, while delayed symptoms can manifest as gastrointestinal issues, eczema flare-ups, or other chronic symptoms.

2. Food triggers: 

The triggers for mixed allergies can vary. We will work closely with you to identify the specific foods that may be causing your child's mixed allergic reactions, which can include milk, eggs, wheat, soy, or other potential allergens.

3. Diagnostic process: 

Diagnosing mixed allergies requires a comprehensive evaluation, combining allergy tests, elimination diets, and a detailed assessment of your child's medical history. Testing and the detailed assessment will be undertaken with your Paediatrician and possibly a consultant paediatric allergy specialist. I will then get involved to create the nutrition and management plan that brings a solution to your child’s situation.

How can a certified paediatric dietitian help?

I’ve helped many children overcome their food allergies, and also food intolerances. Some cases have been relatively simple, with one food as the culprit, but because of my extensive experience and years of practice, many are complicated, requiring a very personalised nutrition plan and intense management. This might sound daunting, but don’t feel like you have to do it alone.

 

I established Cubs because it’s my passion to bring support and help to the many families dealing with daily mealtime challenges. As the leading paediatric dietitian at Cubs, I won’t just give you a shopping list of foods to feed your distressed child. I provide you with a plan to diagnose, exclude offending allergens, prevent further allergies from forming and an endpoint to outgrow your child’s allergies. My goal is a long term solution, with plenty of short term successes along the way. 

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You’ll receive a nutrition plan that meets your child’s specific needs.

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FAQ’s: Your questions answered.

Should I completely eliminate the allergenic food(s) from my child's diet, or are there situations where small amounts can be tolerated? 

My advice is to completely remove the suspected allergen. This is important in diagnosing and finding a long term solution. But it doesn’t mean forever either. Month by month we’ll systemically remove and reintroduce each potential allergen, noting the changes your child experiences each time. If the symptoms return upon reintroduction, we know which allergen is causing the issue and can develop a nutrition plan based on the evidence. Without entirely eliminating the suspected allergen, we’ll never know for sure the full impact it’s having on your child.  

 

Is there a chance of outgrowing the allergy? 

Absolutely! My goal is to provide you with a long term solution by addressing the root cause. We’ll work together from diagnosing to outgrowing the allergy, whether it’s an IgE or non-IgE allergy. It’s a clinical technique known as allergy ladders. I’m fully trained in this process and have applied it with great success with many patients.   

 

How do allergy ladders work - for milk, eggs, wheat and soy?

An allergy is a reaction to specific proteins found in certain foods. By changing the structure of the protein, the body no longer identifies the protein as the allergen. Essentially we’re tricking the body into not reacting the way it would have previously reacted. By restructuring through baking and mixing, we can sneak the protein in, under the radar.  

 

The more we can include the allergen in the diet, without creating an adverse response, the more your child’s immune system is learning to ‘tolerate’ the allergen. Progressing up a ladder mean we are heating the allergen less and less. Meaning it is slowly becoming fresher and fresher. By allowing your child to build tolerance on the baked allergens will bring greater success when  trying the fresher form of the allergen like a glass of milk or soy milk or a soft scrambled egg. 

 

This is the principle in practice:

 

Let’s take a child who is allergic to milk. 

We wouldn’t just have them drink milk on its own. Instead they consume milk as an ingredient in a product. For example, an arrowroot biscuit which contains milk and other ingredients, baked together. Through mixing and baking we have changed the structure of the milk protein. We give this to your child and observe the body’s reaction. If there is no reaction, we know your child is able to tolerate milk, in its restructured format. 

 

I use the arrowroot biscuit just as an example to show how the allergy ladder concept works for one allergen, milk. In many instances we are dealing with multiple allergies. These are more complicated cases but rest assured, I have years of clinical experience to help your child get through multiple allergens at once. 

 

How can I ensure my child's nutritional needs are met despite the food restrictions? 

Cue Cubs!  This is my job. I identify your food triggers then work out the appropriate alternatives that suit your child’s needs. For example, a milk allergy. I find the most calcium dense and protein dense milk alternatives (cheese/ yoghurt/ milk) able to replace the nutrients lost from cow’s milk. If you cannot tolerate wheat I know multiple alternatives you can try. If eggs are a problem, we’ll discuss yummy recipes without them. 

 

Doing this alone can seem daunting. And missing out on key nutrients is a common concern when on an exclusion diet. I’m here to help make it easier by giving you the support you and your child need. 

 

How should I handle food allergies at school? 

There are many things you can do! Together we will create a lunchbox menu you can easily give your child everyday at school and keep them nourished. 

Luckily, most daycares and schools are aware of food allergies. You just need to tell them what your child is allergic to. 

And if your child has an IgE allergy, take your allergy action plan and an epipen to school, in case of reactions. 

 

How should I handle food allergies at parties? 

Tell the person holding the party your child has allergies. The sooner the better so they can also be prepared. Your heart might be warmed by how far another person will accommodate and support your child’s requirements. Alternatively, my advice is to have a treat bag ready to go! And make it special, filled with treats your child doesn’t usually receive. They will feel the love and be excited for their own special treat bag! 

 

How can I read food labels and identify potential allergens?

By Australian law, food labels with any allergens are required to be present in bold. This makes tracking your allergens easier. Go to ASCIA to find resources on your specific allergy and label reading advice

And the Woolworths website allows you to search for products by removing the allergens. They make it very easy. Enter a product in the search box and then there is a dropdown filter called allergens, to remove the products you don’t want. This makes grocery shopping with allergies a million times easier. 

 

To reduce the anxiety of hunting for allergy free foods, I recommend using the online resources, such as Woolworths, to create your list before you go to the store. Or order online and have it all delivered. 

 

But we’ll also do a run through during our consult and I’ll show you exactly how to search for the right products. 

 

Please contact me and we can talk about your child’s particular challenge and get to the root of the issue. 

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